|
We apologize for translation quality. The text is translated by the program.
 - hardly probable not the very first material which has become to use the Bone the person. Already in finds of times of a paleolith there is a flock of items from a bone, as household, and the decorative. Of a bone did{made} tips of arrows and copies, knifes, needles; tooths and slightly treated bones animal ran after, as a dressing. On a bone hatched images various animal and stages of hunting. A bone as the decorative material has found tang-type application in Ancient Greece and Rome, and especially - in medieval Europe where of it{her} did{made} diverse subjects of a cult: caskets with overlapping decorative elements on themes of biblical plots, crosses, small chests for gifts, icons and so forth. In Renaissance with a bone studed subjects of furniture, of it{her} did{made} all knickknacks, handles of weapons. In XVII-XVIII centuries. Art of a groove and chase carving on a bone was extremely popular in Europe: a bone used in jeweller art, at manufacturing secular and church utensils, a bone even encrusted butts of fire-arms.
 Art of a carving on a bone in Russia also has deep traditions. In XII eyelid has become famous certain " the carver from Russia", executed the byzantian authors compared an inkwell, which groove to a groove of work of a legendary Grecian foreman by name Dedal, an ancestor of a sculpture on a broader scale. Skills of a groove on bones and the ortamental patterns becoming subsequently traditional, were produced by degrees.
Art of a groove on a bone - bright exhibiting of national art culture of Russia.
Art of a groove on a bone especially highly developed in ancient Novgorod.
In bonecarve craft in the Nizhniy Novgorod edge{territory} were engaged for a long time. Together with the Novgorod migrants skill of art processing of a bone has come to the North where abundant of near at hand conforming material promoted prosperity of this art. Russian North - one of the most ancient centres of bonecarve art in country.
Skill of Russian bonecarvers the saved carved panagias from a bone confirm, icons, the crosses, separate welfare items XIV-XVI of centuries. From XVI eyelid through Russian North passed trade ways to the West and the East. Through Kholmogory and Arkhangelsk Englishmen, Dutchs, Germans and the Frenchmen carried the goods to Moscow, across Volga were forwarded to coasts of Persia. In XVIII-XIX centuries.
Kholmogory were one of the main economic centres of the North of Russia who did business both on internal, and on foreign markets. In a carving on a bone  were engaged Kholmogorian, Solvichegodian and Velikoustyuzhian a foreman.
Many foreigners coming in the Moscow state in XVI-XVII centuries admired with bone items of Russian work.
The separate saved products are comparable on complexity of a composition and thinness of work to an art carved bone of Moscow and severo-Russian foremen of XVI eyelid.
In XVII eyelid art of a groove on a bone in the North appreciablly
 it is perfected, the certificate to that are permanent calls of foremen in workshops of the Armory Museum of the Moscow Kremlin. The most glorify was family Shesheninyh which studed with a figured plain groove from decorative patterns by the way grasses various welfare items from a bone - caskets, crests, etc. Besides they participated in restoration of a throne of Ivan III decorated with relief bone plates, and plump in XV eyelid the Grecian foremen. The part of these bone plates in due course has been lost, and family Shesheninyh anew cut out them. In XVII eyelid Moscow was the centre of art culture where the best concentrated Russian and foreign a foreman of the most different specialities. The Moscow Armory Museum was original school in which visitors of a foreman perfected the skills, and whence they brought skill, coming back home.
In XVII eyelid of a bone did{made} crests, small chests, various caskets, chess, crosiers and other subjects necessary in a church and secular life.
 For items from a bone of the end XVII - the beginnings of XVIII eyelid are most typical caskets - teremki with flap lids which were usually studed with a through groove of vegetative character in which architectural motives were intertwined, vases and even human figures. A background for a groove the colour foil or mica with colored in bright tint the papered substrate ministered.
Copper overlapping decorative elements - fastenings which kept bone overlapping decorative elements, were used by foremen as the decorative element of a general{common} composition. Apparently, many of these caskets created a foreman of the Armory Museum for the benefit of such assumption speaks typically Moscow baroque character of their decorative ornamentation. The relief groove of these caskets is close to figure woodcarving of the same time, all represented elements large-scale. A characteristic example the casket - teremok of the end XVII - the beginnings of XVIII eyelid with the rank vegetative decorative pattern in technique of a through groove can minister. For the greater decorative effect under plates the gilded foil is enclosed{laid}. Slopes of a cover are decorated with a mask of the monsters, similar themes which often in XVII eyelid meet on the West-European furniture. Reconsideration of the borrowed motives enriched with compositions.
 Caskets of such type, arts of a baroque satisfying to inquiries, formed by foremen - bonecarvers both in Moscow, and in the North Russia. Buyers of such production were boyars, military chiefs, rich merchants, prosperous peasants - bonecarve items are extended in various layers of a society. In dependence on purpose{assignment} of a thing and material well-being of its{her} consumer of a casket were simple and modest on processing, and, hence, cheap enough, or more multistoreyed on premeditation and performance{fulfillment}, so - expensive{dear}. In richly decorated bone caskets kept jewelry and subjects of a women toilet. A foreman always tried to take into account features of a material, and also harmoniously to combine decoras with the form of a subject with which he studs.
In XVII eyelid Russian bonecarvers in the items have reached{achieved} the highest level of skill. The best traditions of old russian bonecarve creativity have been adopted and developed by Kholmogorian foremen XVII-XVIII of centuries
Kholmogory - most ancient of the centres of attenuatous art of a groove on a bone which at other centres, especially metropolitan, acquired new bars. In bone items of severo-Russian foremen of XVIII eyelid bars of style of a baroque while in bonecarve works Kholmogorian, etc. foremen of XIX eyelid come up had most brightly an effect and features, characteristic for a classicism, the centuries replaced in middle gravitation to eclecticism blossom.
Original variant bone small-sized plastics - the Nizhniy Novgorod knifes with carved bone cuttings which were manufactured in workshops on grounds Sheremetevyh in XVIII eyelid and were briskly sold in Moscow and Petersburg.
The bonecarve art, especially turning skill, have become famous Petersburg foreman XVIII-XIX of centuries; many of the Petersburg foremen were natives of Kholmogory and other bonecarve centres of Russian North moved for ever and ever or temporarily working in capital. After the trip to the North and to Europe Peter I has extraordinary taken a great interest in a groove on a bone. He has reorganized this kind of an applied art, having improved conditions for his{its} development.
He cut out some things, including a snuffbox. And nbsp;
Long since the bone as a carpentry material was used with Siberian peoples which did{made} of a bone, mainly, hunting and a fishing - tackle, they become to be engaged in a carving much later. The bright aboriginal school of bonecarve art was formed in XIX eyelid in Siberia where traditions of a carving on a bone came together with the foremen - bonecarvers who have moved from Russian North. At the end of XIX eyelid the first workshops on art processing a bone in Tobolsk where carvers produced bridles, smoking tubes, small boxes, caskets, etc. have appeared
|
Checkout
My Account
Diminutive sculptures
Key rings
